Croc Analysis free essay sample

Mobile Phone Usage Among College Students Essay

1. Presentation A cell phone or portable (additionally called cellphone and handphone) is an electronic gadget utilized for versatile media communications (cell phone, content informing or information transmission) over a phone system of specific base stations known as cell locales. Most present PDAs interface with a cell organize comprising of exchanging focuses and base stations (cell locales) claimed by a portable system administrator. Notwithstanding the standard voice work, current cell phones may bolster numerous extra administrations, and frill, for example, SMS for content informing, email, bundle exchanging for access to the Internet, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared, camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and getting photographs and video, MP3 player, radio and GPS. The International Telecommunication Union assessed that portable cell memberships worldwide would arrive at around 4.6 billion before the finish of 2009. Cell phones have increased expanded significance in the part of data a nd correspondence innovations for improvement during the 2000s and have successfully begun to arrive at the base of the monetary pyramid. The Indian media transmission industry, with about 506.04 million cell phone associations (Nov 2009)[update], is the third biggest media transmission organize on the planet and the second biggest as far as number of remote associations (after China). India has gotten one of the quickest developing versatile markets on the planet. The versatile administrations were economically propelled in August 1995 in India. In the underlying 5â€6 years the normal month to month endorsers augmentations were around 0.05 to 0.1 million just and the absolute portable supporters base in December 2002 remained at 10.5 millions. Be that as it may, after the quantity of proactive activities taken by controller and licensor, the month to month versatile endorser augmentations expanded to around 2 million every month in the year 2003-04 and 2004-05. Peruse more: Essay About Harmful Effects of Mobile Phones on Students Kerala is the state with most elevated teledensity and the quantity of supporters in the state has crossed 1.7 million. The expansion in cell phone use in Kerala had been driven by the development in the state’s non-occupant populace and the fall in call rates. In its regressive Malappuram area with an immense expat populace, as of now there are a bigger number of telephones than individuals. It is with this comprehension and respect that the cell phone showcase has been thriving in India that we continue to lead this study as an endeavor to comprehend the cell phone use design among the particular gathering †youth, by narrowing down the examination in the grounds of Sacred Heart College, Thevara. Throughout the years the awful side of innovation has likewise been brought to front line putting the onus of awful conduct as consistently on the young. Mobile innovation has eroded the lives of numerous youngsters and has decreased their efficiency inside the school grounds. This examination, at that point, while being a pattern investigation review, is likewise significant in the setting that it endeavors to bring out answers for this issue of â€Å"mob threat on-campus† based on the reactions of the understudies (implied casualties) being referred to. 2. Goals The goals of this study might be drawn out as follows; a. To distinguish the normal number of understudies utilizing cell phones inside the grounds b. To recognize the pay versus utilization design regarding buy and further spending on cell phones by understudies who utilize cell phones c. Sketch the present patterns in cell phone utilization among understudies d. Comprehend whether a dominant part have the affinity to fall into difficulty utilizing cell phones e. Concoct potential answers for diminishing cell phone danger inside the grounds 3. Strategy With regards to the above expressed destinations, we received the system of basic arbitrary examining to accomplish an example of 77 understudies in the proportion of 1:2:4 for first years, second years and third years individually, representing an aggregate of 11 offices offering college classes inside the school. Consequently we have a sum of 11 first years, 22 second years and 44 third years. The third years who have been acclimatized with the collegeâ surroundings give the most dependable and predictable information, first years remain on uncertain ground and second years show defiant propensities. Of these, a lion's share of patterns were broke down based on reactions of just 64 (out of 77) understudies who had mobiles inside the grounds. The study was led with the assistance of a composed survey comprising of an assortment of inquiries numbering a sum of 31 (see Appendix I). 4. Discoveries and Conclusions Before moving to the significant ends got from the study, it is beneficial to comprehend the fundamental qualities of the example of 77 understudies studied. 4.1 Basic Characteristics[1] Among those surveyed:â a. 58% are females, with moderately progressively male examples (55%) coming just among second years b. 56% fall under the age bunch 18-20, the staying in 20-22 gathering c. Expressions and Science bunches together contribute more to the complete example quality, with regards to the moderately more noteworthy number of divisions that they have in the school. d. 75% of the respondents are day-researchers e. A little level of 31% of respondents are occupied with any type of low maintenance or other salary gaining exercises alongside their examinations, with the best commitment originating from third year understudies of upto 34%. f. Generally speaking 52% of the respondents guarantee month to month salaries of over Rs. 5000, yet interior impulses can be noted with about 36% of II year understudies putting their month to month pay at just Rs. 1500-3000. g. Among those studied, a dominant part for example 83% admit to bringing and utilizing cell phones inside the grounds. The most elevated utilization might be seen among the III years (91%) and least among II years (68%). From this we can conclude that on a normal between 65 to 80% of all understudies in the school are utilizing cell phones inside the grounds. 4.2 Income-Spending Patterns in Mobile Use As against mainstream thinking, mobiles are generally observed as utilities instead of eminence products by the understudies in that while 52% asserted wages above Rs.5000 just 31% of the respondents really had cell phones extending above Rs.5000. The whole 5% of respondents, who have versatile costing over Rs.10, 000 as anyone might expect, comprises of male respondents reflecting male affection for contraptions. A. Responsibility for We additionally observe that guardians think of it as a matter of extraordinary need that their wards have cell phones as despite the fact that 31% of the respondents worked, just 28% had bought the versatile out of their own pay. A major lion's share, 72% understudies, had mobiles with the total information and acknowledgment of guardians. B. Month to month Spending on Mobile It is intriguing to take note of that females are extensively thrifty with regards to burning through cash on cell phones in lieu of energizes or ordinary bill installments, never going past a normal of Rs.500/month. Guys still tend to cross Rs.500 with 24% of then doing as such and a little rate (4%) set out to cross Rs.1000 every month. On a normal, in any case, a great larger part of 67% can restrain their month to month costs to under Rs.300. This might be credited basically to the reality they use prepaid portable associations offering negligible top-up energize cards galore in the market. 4.3 Trends in Mobile Usage To recognize the present patterns among portable clients in school we utilize the reactions of 83% of respondents who affirm that they bring and use mobiles inside the grounds. Coming up next are the significant patterns taken note. A. The most utilized versatile handsets: Nokia B. The most utilized sort of versatile association: Pre-paid 56 of the 64 respondents like to utilize paid ahead of time and not post-paid associations. The reasons might be that it permits modest and simple energize and keeps an excessive amount of impedance from the guardians in regards to utilization and tangled procedures of bill installments. Further it likewise forestalls over-the-spending utilization of mobiles by confining the quantity of calls, messages and so forth that one can make during a given energize period. C. Favored Mobile Network: Airtel The main three versatile specialist organizations among the understudies overviewed are Airtel, BSNL, and Vodafone. While Airtel being the main supplier was not an unexpected outcome, BSNL rising the second most mainstream specialist organization was very against the desires, given the intermittent difficulties in network and by and large horrible showing. Anyway the alluringly evaluated understudy plans must give the motivator to buy the association. D. Most Communications go to Friends/Classmates While in general we see that companions/cohorts outperform family in accepting interchanges from understudies, this peripheral overwhelming happened if there should arise an occurrence of the III years alone. Among I years and II years family starts things out as far as most extreme correspondences. Once more, the 11% of individuals who consent to discussing most with their beau/sweetheart may likewise appear as too little a rate. Here again the III years (nearly 9%, particularly young men) were increasingly given to tolerating that they had connections and regularly spoke with them. E. Essential time of utilization: Evening F. Administration Most Used: SMS The best two administrations for which the versatile is utilized are to send SMSes and to appreciate music. Calls (incidentally, the basic role of mobiles) come just third. The way that GPRS office is least utilized focuses to the way that aâ good greater part of understudies are as yet very little familiar with mobiles having better quality offices. While dissecting the utilization of significant versatile administrations, it would likewise help to independently introduce the conduct of guys and females in such manner. Despite the fact that females structure a more prominent number of respondents, just 5% really utilize the GPRS office against 24% of guys. A comparative pattern is found if there should arise an occurrence of Camera/Video utilization and furthermore FM/music player. G. Most Popular type of interchanges: Forwards

An Overview of the Dunning-Kruger Effect

An Overview of the Dunning-Kruger Effect The Dunning-Kruger effect is a type of cognitive bias in which people believe that they are smarter and more capable than they really are. Essentially, low ability people do not possess the skills needed to recognize their own incompetence. The combination of poor self-awareness and low cognitive ability leads them to overestimate their own capabilities. The term lends a scientific name and explanation to a problem that many people immediately recognizeâ€"that fools are blind to their own foolishness. As Charles Darwin wrote in his book The Descent of Man, Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge. An Overview of the Dunning-Kruger Effect This phenomenon is something you have likely experienced in real life, perhaps around the dinner table at a holiday family gathering. Throughout the course of the meal, a member of your extended family begins spouting off on a topic at length, boldly  proclaiming that he is correct and that everyone elses opinion is stupid, uninformed, and just plain wrong. It may be plainly evident to everyone in the room that this person has no idea what he is talking about, yet he prattles on, blithely oblivious to his own ignorance. The effect is named after researchers David Dunning and Justin Kruger, the two social psychologists who first described it. In their original study on this psychological phenomenon, they performed a series of four investigations. People who scored in the lowest percentiles on tests of grammar, humor, and logic also tended to dramatically overestimate how well they had performed (their actual test scores placed them in the 12th percentile, but they estimated that their performance placed them in the 62nd percentile). The Research In one experiment, for example, Dunning and Kruger asked their 65 participants to rate how funny different jokes were. Some of the participants were exceptionally poor at determining what other people would find funnyâ€"yet these same subjects described themselves as excellent judges of humor. Incompetent people, the researchers found, are not only poor performers, they are also unable to accurately assess and recognize the quality of their own work. This is the reason why students who earn failing scores on exams sometimes feel that they deserved a much higher score. They overestimate their own knowledge and ability and are incapable of seeing the poorness of their performance. Low performers are unable to recognize the skill and competence levels of other people, which is part of the reason why they consistently view themselves as better, more capable, and more knowledgeable than others. In many cases, incompetence does not leave people disoriented, perplexed, or cautious, wrote David Dunning in an article for Pacific Standard. Instead, the incompetent are often blessed with an inappropriate confidence, buoyed by something that feels to them like knowledge. This effect can have a profound impact on what people believe, the decisions they make, and the actions they take. In one study, Dunning and Ehrlinger found that women performed equally to men on a science quiz, and yet women underestimated their performance because they believed they had less scientific reasoning ability than men. The researchers also found that as a result of this belief, these women were more likely to refuse to enter a science competition. Dunning and his colleagues have also performed experiments in which they ask respondents if they are familiar with a variety of terms related to subjects including politics, biology, physics, and geography. Along with genuine subject-relevant concepts, they interjected completely made-up terms. In one such study, approximately 90 percent of respondents claimed that they had at least some knowledge of the made-up terms. Consistent with other findings related to the Dunning-Kruger effect, the more familiar participants claimed that they were with a topic, the more likely they were to also claim they were familiar with the meaningless terms. As Dunning has suggested, the very trouble with ignorance is that it can feel just like expertise. Causes of the Dunning-Kruger Effect So what explains this psychological effect? Are some people simply too dense, to be blunt, to know how dim-witted they are? Dunning and Kruger suggest that this phenomenon stems from what they refer to as a dual burden. People are not only incompetent; their incompetence robs them of the mental ability to realize just how inept they are. Incompetent people tend to: Overestimate their own skill levelsFail to recognize the genuine skill and expertise of other peopleFail to recognize their own mistakes and lack of skill Dunning has pointed out that the very knowledge and skills necessary to be good at a task are the exact same qualities that a person needs to recognize that they are not good at that task. So if a person lacks those abilities, they remain not only bad at that task but ignorant to their own inability. An Inability to Recognize Lack of Skill and Mistakes Dunning suggests that deficits in skill and expertise create a two-pronged problem. First, these deficits cause people to perform poorly in the domain in which they are incompetent. Secondly, their erroneous and deficient knowledge makes them unable to recognize their mistakes. A Lack of Metacognition The Dunning-Kruger effect is also related to difficulties with metacognition, or the ability to step back and look at ones own behavior and abilities from outside of oneself. People are often only able to evaluate themselves from their own limited and highly subjective point of view. From this limited perspective, they seem highly skilled, knowledgeable, and superior to others. Because of this, people sometimes struggle to have a more realistic view of their own abilities. A Little Knowledge Can Lead to Overconfidence Another contributing factor is that sometimes a tiny bit of knowledge on a subject can lead people to mistakenly believe that they know all there is to know about it. As the old saying goes, a little bit of knowledge can be a dangerous thing. A person might have the slimmest bit of awareness about a subject, yet thanks to the Dunning-Kruger effect, believe that he or she is an expert. Other factors that can contribute to the effect include our use of heuristics, or mental shortcuts that allow us to make decisions quickly, and our tendency to seek out patterns even where none exist. Our minds are primed to try to make sense of the disparate array of information we deal with on a daily basis. As we try to cut through the confusion and interpret our own abilities and performance within our individual worlds, it is perhaps not surprising that we sometimes fail so completely to accurately judge how well we do. Who Is Affected by the Dunning-Kruger Effect? So who is affected by the Dunning-Kruger effect? Unfortunately, we all are. This is because no matter how informed or experienced we are, everyone has areas in which they are uninformed and incompetent. You might be smart and skilled in many areas, but no one is an expert at everything. The reality is that everyone is susceptible to this phenomenon, and in fact, most of us probably experience it with surprising regularity. People who are genuine experts in one area may mistakenly believe that their intelligence and knowledge carry over into other areas in which they are less familiar. A brilliant scientist, for example, might be a very poor writer. In order for the scientist to recognize their own lack of skill, they need to possess a good working knowledge of things such as grammar and composition. Because those are lacking, the scientist in this example also lacks the ability to recognize their own poor performance. The Dunning-Kruger effect is not synonymous with low IQ. As awareness of the term has increased, its misapplication as a synonym for stupid has also grown. It is, after all, easy to judge others and believe that such things simply do not apply to you. So if the incompetent tend to think they are experts, what do genuine experts think of their own abilities? Dunning and Kruger found that those at the high end of the competence spectrum did hold more realistic views of their own knowledge and capabilities. However, these experts actually tended to underestimate their own abilities relative to how others did. Essentially, these top-scoring individuals know that they are better than the average, but they are not convinced of just how superior their performance is compared to others. The problem, in this case, is not that experts dont know how well-informed they are; its that they tend to believe that everyone else is knowledgeable as well. Is There Any Way to Overcome the Dunning-Kruger Effect? So is there anything that can minimize this phenomenon? Is there a point at which the incompetent actually recognize their own ineptitude? We are all engines of misbelief, Dunning has suggested. While we are all prone to experiencing the Dunning-Kruger effect, learning more about how the mind works and the mistakes we are all susceptible to might be one step toward correcting such patterns. Dunning and Kruger suggest that as experience with a subject increases, confidence typically declines to more realistic levels. As people learn more about the topic of interest, they begin to recognize their own lack of knowledge and ability. Then as people gain more information and actually become experts on a topic, their confidence levels begin to improve once again. So what can you do to gain a more realistic assessment of your own abilities in a particular area if you are not sure you can trust your own self-assessment? Keep learning and practicing. Instead of assuming you know all there is to know about a subject, keep digging deeper. Once you gain greater knowledge of a topic, the more likely you are to recognize how much there is still to learn. This can combat the tendency to assume you’re an expert, even if youre not.Ask other people how youre doing. Another effective strategy involves asking others for constructive criticism. While it can sometimes be difficult to hear, such feedback can provide valuable insights into how others perceive your abilities.Question what you know. Even as you learn more and get feedback, it can be easy to only pay attention to things that confirm what you think you already know. This is an example of another type of psychological bias known as the confirmation bias. In order to minimize this tendency, keep challenging your beliefs and expectations. Seek out information that challenges your ideas. A Word From Verywell The Dunning-Kruger effect is one of many cognitive biases that can affect your behaviors and decisions, from the mundane to the life-changing. While it may be easier to recognize the phenomenon in others, it is important to remember that it is something that impacts everyone. By understanding the underlying causes that contribute to this psychological bias, you might be better able to spot these tendencies in yourself and find ways to overcome them.

Religious Christmas Quotes

For many people, Christmas is a religious celebration. Devout Catholics attend midnight mass on Christmas Eve.  Many Christians create nativity scenes at home and shopping malls to bring alive the birth of Jesus Christ. Despite concern that the true meaning of Christmas is being lost in the gift-giving family holiday, many still celebrate Christmas as a religious holiday. Bring joy to your fellow Christians by sharing these religious quotes with them.   Christmas Quotes Martin Luther King, Jr.Ah! Dearest Jesus, Holy Child, Make thee a bed, soft, undefiled; Within my heart, that it may be, A quiet chamber kept for thee. Calvin CoolidgeChristmas is not a time or a season but a state of mind. To cherish peace and good will, to be plenteous in mercy is to have the real spirit of Christmas. If we think  on these things, there will be born in us a Savior and over us will shine a star sending its gleam of hope to the world. AugustineHe was created of a mother whom He created. He was carried by hands that He formed. He cried in the manger in wordless infancy. He, the Word, without whom all human eloquence is mute. J.I. PackerThe Almighty appeared on Earth as a helpless human baby, needing to be fed and changed and taught to talk like any other child. The more you think about it, the more staggering it gets. Nothing in fiction is so fantastic as this truth of the Incarnation. Fulton J. SheenThe simple shepherds heard the voice of an angel and found their lamb; the wise men saw the light of a star and found their wisdom. Charles SpurgeonInfinite and an infant. Eternal and yet born of a woman. Almighty and yet hanging on a womans breast. Supporting a universe and yet needing to be carried in a mothers arms. King of angels and yet the reputed son of Joseph. Heir of all things and yet the carpenters despised son. John MacArthurIf we could condense all the truths of Christmas into only three words, these would be the words: God with us. We tend to focus our attention at Christmas on the infancy of Christ. The greater truth of the holiday is His deity. More astonishing than a baby in the manger is the truth that this promised baby is the omnipotent Creator of the heavens and the earth! Stuart BriscoeThe spirit of Christmas needs to superseded by the Spirit of Christ. The spirit of Christmas is annual; the Spirit of Christ is eternal. The spirit of Christmas is sentimental; the Spirit of Christ is supernatural. The spirit of Christmas is a human product; the Spirit of Christ is a divine person. That makes all the difference in the world. Agnes M. PharoWhat is Christmas? It is tenderness for the past, courage for the present, hope for the future. It is a fervent wish that every cup may overflow with blessings rich and eternal and that every path may lead to peace. Rev Billy GrahamThe very purpose of Christs coming into the world was that he might offer up his life as a sacrifice for the sins of men. He came to die. This is the heart of Christmas.

The Renaissance Er The Era Of The Individual - 1017 Words

The Renaissance period started in the 14th century and later ended in the 16th century. Right after the Gothic era ended the Renaissance period was born. Additionally, people believe that the Gothic era contained artwork that later evolved in the Renaissance time period. For instance, Gothic art had a naturalistic representation and so did Renaissance art. However, it was more obvious in the Renaissance art. During this time period there was sparks of interest in the sciences and arts. Before many people had forgot about them or either had no interest in them. The last time those two subjects were at a high note was before the middle ages. This revival of sciences and arts took place during the fifteenth century and is known as the Renaissance. The word Renaissance is French and means â€Å"rebirth†, which perfectly describes what happened to the arts and sciences. Ultimately, the Renaissance era was the era of the individual. Renaissance art included human beings and was a ch ange in the art world. The last time human beings were being represented in art was during classical antiquity. For instance, an artist named Donato Bardi created a naked life-size sculpture. He named it David and gave it contrapposto pose, which means the human figures legs and hips are turned in the opposite direction of the shoulders and chest. Bardi was the first artist to create a naked life-size sculpture during this time period. The architecture artwork created during this time was very accurate inShow MoreRelatedChristopher Marlowe s The Tragical History Of The Life And Death Of Doctor Faustus 1688 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the centuries of the Dark Ages, Europe began to rise from the dirt and social troubles into a modern civilization full of art and knowledge. The era of Renaissance shone above the peninsula of Italy and continuously moved to Western Europe and England. 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IB Biology Potato Lab Free Essays

Biology Potato Lab Table 1: Trial Number| Concentration of Sucrose Solution (M) Â ±0. 2 ml| Initial Mass of Potato Core Slice(g) Â ±0. 1 | Final Mass of Potato Core Slices (g) Â ±0. We will write a custom essay sample on IB Biology Potato Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1| 1| 0. 0| 7. 7| 9. 3| 2| | 6. 0| 8. 1| 3| | 6. 2| 7. 4| 4| | 10. 2| 13. 2| 5| | 8. 7| 10. 3| 6| | 4. 9| 6. 0| 7| | 9. 2| 10. 4| 1| 0. 2| 5. 8| 6. 0| 2| | 11. 6| 12. 1| 3| | 2. 5| 3. 1| 1| 0. 4| 14. 4| 13. 9| 2| | 2. 6| 2. 8| 3| | 8| 6. 5| 1| 0. 6| 7. 3| 5. 3| 2| | 10. 7| 7. 3| 3| | 9. 6| 7. 4| 4| | 2. 9| 2. 8| 1| 0. 8| 5. 6| 3. 6| 2| | 16. 0| 13. 1| 3| | 11. 5| 5. 9| 1| 1. | 7. 9| 5. 4| 2| | 10. 0| 6. 7| 3| | 9. 6| 6. 2| 4| | 4. 7| 3. 2| Table 2: Calculations of Averages Concentration of Sucrose Solution (M) Â ±0. 2 ml| Average Initial Mass of Potato Core Slice(g) Â ±0. 1 | Average Final Mass of Potato Core Slices (g) Â ±0. 1| Change in Mass (g) Â ±0. 1| Percentage Change in Mass (%)| Standard Deviation of Initial Mass| Standard Deviation of Final Mass| 0. 0| 7. 6| 9. 2| 1. 6| 22. 3| 1. 9| 2. 4| 0. 2| 6. 6| 7. 1| 0. 5| 6. 5| 4. 6| 4. 6| 0. 4| 8. 3| 7. 7| -0. 6| -7. 2| 5. 9| 5. 7| 0. 6| 7. 6| 5. 7| -1. 9| -25. 2| 3. 5| 2. 2| 0. | 11. 0| 7. 5| -3. 5| -31. 7| 5. 2| 5. 0| 1. 0| 8. 1| 5. 4| -2. 7| -33. 2| 2. 4| 1. 5| Sample Calculations: To find average of initial mass of potato core with 0. 2M solution: # 1 + # 2 + # 3 / 3 5. 8 + 11. 6 +2. 5 / 3 = 6. 6 To find average of final mass of potato core with 1. 0M solution: # 1 + # 2 + # 3 + # 4 / 4 5. 4 + 6. 7 + 6. 2 + 3. 2 / 4 = 5. 4 To find change in mass in 0. 4M solution: Final mass – initial mass = change in mass 7. 7 – 8. 3 = -0. 6 To find percentage change in mass in 0. 6M solution: Final – initial / initial x 100 5. 7 – 7. 6 / 7. x 100 = -25. 2 Figure 1: The effect of sucrose solution on the mass of potato cores Figure 1: In the above graph, it’s visible that with an increasing concentration of sucrose solution there is also a decrease in the percent change in mass. The r? value of 0. 9416 represents that there is a good relationship in the data between the concentration of sucrose solution and the percent change in mass. The relationship between the data can also be proven by the error bars, representing the standard deviation from the data points and the amount of uncertainty. With the small error bars we know that the data is reliable; although as the last few points overlap this indicates that the data is similar. Conclusion: I found that as the concentration of sucrose increased, the change in mass and percentage of the change in mass decreased. This data did support the hypothesis, as we knew from the term osmosis. Osmosis is the process of diffusion of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. The concentration gradient between the potato and the sucrose solution lead to the amount of molecules coming in and out of the potato. Therefore, the data supports the hypothesis as when the water concentration was lower in the potato than in the sucrose solution, the water molecules moved through the semi-permeable membrane into the potato which caused it to gain weight. With a higher concentration of water in the potato, the result would be the opposite. Hence the prediction that the lower the concentration of sucrose, the higher the final weight of the potato was reinforced. The hypothesis is supported by the evidence of the graph. With a concentration of 0. M sucrose solution the increase in the change of mass was 1. 6g and a percentage change of 22. 3%. In comparison, the 0. 8M sucrose solution had a change in mass of -3. 5g and a loss of 31. 7%. Although in Figure 1 the r? value gives the impression that the data is very reliable, some of the error bars do overlap. While observing the data there are no outliers present, although when inspecting the change in mass the development between the 0. 8M concentration of sucrose and the 1. 0M numbers slightly increase; when accurately they would continue decreasing. This may perhaps be the result of certain potential errors. Evaluation: My results, while mostly concrete, had particular places where a few errors could have occurred; as they diff from the hypothesis that with a higher concentration of glucose there should be a decrease in the change of mass. As our class only had a certain amount of time to complete the lab, each group completed the lab with three different sucrose solutions. At the end of collecting our data, our classes’ results were compiled together to compare. An error is the fact that each group’s statistics came from different potatoes. As different potatoes were used, the pores in the membrane of each potato are different, causing a different amount of water molecules to be able to pass through and into the solution. This could prove the overall data to be unreliable. To fix this deviation, with more time a group can complete their own lab with the full data with a single potato. Another error is the factor of temperature. Temperature affects osmosis as with a higher temperature the molecules are moving faster, causing osmosis to increase. As we left our beaker s with the potato cores inside the classroom overnight, the classroom temperature may have increased or decreased which would affect the rate of osmosis inside the beaker. Due to the fact that it’s September, we can assume that the classroom temperature would decrease overnight; including the consequences that perhaps a window or door would have been left open. As the temperature in the classroom decreased, the rate of osmosis did as well. To fix this normal variation error, the temperature of the classroom could be recorded as we placed the beakers around the classroom to be left. Overnight it would be made sure that no windows or doors are left open, and that the temperature stays the same throughout the experiment. A systematic error has to do with the scales that were used. The scales were a necessity for this lab; it’s important that they’re working correctly. While planning for this lab not at one point were the scales that we were using checked to make sure that they were fully functioning. This could establish the scale giving off false numbers which changes our entire experiment. At the beginning before proceeding with the lab it must be made sure that the equipment is regularly checked and operative. To do so, we can take an object that we can identify the weight of, and test it on the scale to make sure it’s correct. As an extension to this investigation, it could be completed again but testing osmosis with more of a variety of the amount of sucrose solution- it could exceed a concentration of 1M to extend to 2M. This experiment could also be completed using different time frames; instead of letting the potatoes rest for one day they could be let stand for one hour, or two hours to test how osmosis works within this shorter time frame. To fix our errors stated above, we must first make sure that all of our equipment is running properly and that the temperature of the room does not vary overnight. Bibliography: Diffusion and osmosis. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/kinetic/diffus. html McGraw-Hill. (2006). How osmosis works. Retrieved from http://highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmosis_works. html How to cite IB Biology Potato Lab, Papers

Lab report toothpickase Essay Example

Lab report toothpickase Paper As time went on and towards the end of the two minutes the rate started to stay the same. The trend between the Control and the Trail 2- Enzyme Mutation (Tied Fingers) graph is that Trail 2 produced fewer reactions, averaging at 1 toothpick per 10 second, in the same amount of time. This is because the enzymes index and middle finger were taped together, preventing it to conduct efficient work. The trend between the Control and the Trail 3- Enzyme Mutation (Breaking two at a time) graph is that the line displayed an initial increase, then a gradual decline. Finally, the rate increased once again and hen started to stabilize. This applies to the graph of Trail 3 where the enzyme broke two toothpicks at a time to increase the substrate. SOURCES OF ERROR Possible Errors The toothpicks used were not all the same. The toothpicks that were broken may not all of been completely broken in half. The enzyme may have looked during the breaking of the toothpicks. The recorder or counter may have made a mistake while counting the toothpicks. Influence of Error A particular brand of toothpicks may have been stronger than others, which would slow the reaction rate because more force would have to be exerted urine the reaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report toothpickase specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report toothpickase specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report toothpickase specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The toothpicks that arent broken completely in half do not count as a reaction therefore they could not influence the reaction rate. If the enzyme looks while conducting the reaction then it doesnt count towards the reaction rate and then decreasing it. If a reaction was accidentally over looked that couldve increased or decreased the reaction rate, then the data is inaccurate Control of Error The brand could have been controlled by keeping all of the same toothpicks together and only using those. The clean break of toothpicks could have been enthroned by the enzyme making sure that the break was complete by feeling the substrate. The error of looking could have been prevented by blind folding the enzyme. The error of inaccurate counting could have been prevented by doing more trails. This wouldnt prevent the mistake since it is human error but, it could validate accuracy. CONCLUSION The hypothesis for Trial 2 was if the enzyme has a weakening mutation then the reaction rate will be slower compared to the Control Trials. The hypothesis was supported because based off of the data and trends of the graph the reaction ate averaged at 1 toothpick per 10 seconds while the Control Trials reaction rate averaged at 2. 5 toothpicks every 10 seconds. This decrease in reaction rate is due to the mutation of taping the enzymes index finger and thumb together. As shown in the Reaction Rate vs Time graph, you may notice a decrease in the reaction rate over 120 seconds by the green line. The decrease in reaction rate between the control and this case of a mutated enzyme that is shown can be attributed to the hindering mutati on of the dominant hand. Since taping the index finger and thumb together was the only thing changed this mutation was expansible for the decrease in reaction rate. This can relate to the present world because scientific studies have shown that some mutated enzymes will have fewer reactions with the substrates therefore they decrease the reaction rate. The hypothesis for Trial 3 is if the enzyme has a strengthening mutation then the reaction rate will be quicker compared to the Control Trial. This hypothesis was refuted because due to the evidence presented in the data graphs and tables, the reaction rate averages at about one broken toothpick every 10 seconds while the Control averaged at about 2. Toothpicks every 10 seconds. The initial increase and the gradual decline of the reaction rate can be attributed to the mutation of the enzyme breaking two toothpicks at a time. Referencing the orange line on the Reaction Rate vs Time graph there was an overall decrease in the reaction rate compared to the Control Trials, the purple line. This decrease in reaction rate between the mutated abilities of the enzyme and the control indicates that by incre asing the amount of toothpicks the enzyme could break even caused a decrease in the reaction rate. Since breaking two toothpicks at a mime was the only thing changed this mutation was responsible for the decrease in reaction rate. I can relate this to real life situations because if more used products are in the way of the new substrates then it will be hard to identify which one can be used. After completing this experiment I am led to conclude that the reaction rate of an enzyme will fluctuate between high and low amounts of reactions but it will ultimately decrease as the substrates become harder to find. INTRODUCTION The problem during this experiment was needing a physical representation of enzyme action. In order to do this we simulated enzyme reactions through breaking toothpicks. In the experiment one person is the enzyme and will be breaking the toothpicks. The other members of the group will be writing down the quantitative results, timing the reactions, or counting the reactions. After that you will find the reaction rate of each trial. At least two trials need to have been changed in a way that would alter your results. You can compare your results using a line graph. There you will be able to see how each reaction rate is different. Finally you can conclude why. An enzyme is a catalyst therefore it can decrease the activation energy that is needed to start a chemical reaction but still increase the rate of the chemical reaction. Enzymes exist in living things and are found as proteins in cells. A substrate is a specific reactant that an enzyme acts on. Each enzyme has a specific substrate that it will only act on. The different conditions that an enzyme is exposed to, whether it be temperature, mutation, or increased substrates, will affect the reaction that an enzyme has. Catalysts are needed to speed up the process of essential chemical reactions that occur at an organisms body temperature. When substrates bind to an enzyme the chemical bonds start to grow weaker resulting in the need for less activation energy in order to break the bonds. In this experiment there were many roles. One person of a group acts as an enzyme for the whole experiment. Specifically, their index finger and thumb on their dominant hand is the enzyme. The toothpicks are the substrate. The active site, where the substrate and enzyme fit together, is in between your finger and thumb.